New York's Village Halloween Parade について

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New York's Village Halloween Parade ：ウィキペディア英語版

New York's Village Halloween Parade

New York's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City's Greenwich Village. The Village Halloween Parade, initiated in 1974 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee, is the world's largest Halloween parade〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of the Parade )〕 and the only major nighttime parade in the United States.
It has been called "New York's Carnival." Although the parade is currently not as informal and wild as it was in its earliest years, it is in effect still an alternative festival.
The parade has been studied leading cultural anthropologists. According to ''The New York Times'', "the Halloween Parade is the best entertainment the people of this City ever give the people of this City." "Absolutely anything goes," says ''USA Today''. "Be prepared to drop your jaw."
==Early years==

Artists went into the schools to create giant puppets with children for the parade. Musical groups were enlisted: pick-up bands, samba bands, Dixieland, Italian, Chinese, Irish, African, steel bands. These groups provided the heartbeat of the parade. Increasingly, more individuals participated dressed in their own fantasies. Bystanders could watch from the sidelines or join the procession.
Starting in 1977, the parade route traversed 10th Street from Greenwich Avenue to Fifth Avenue, entering Washington Square through the Arch. Jefferson Market Library was transformed into a haunted fortress, with a twelve-foot spider crawling up and down the clock tower. On 10th Street, the balconies of Renwick Row became the setting for a gathering of grotesque sophisticates. Washington Square Arch provided another lofty stage. A fat devil appeared up on top, waved to the crowds and released a cascade of balloons; then a dummy of the devil slid down a wire to the middle of the fountain area below. Joel Oppenheimer captured the spirit of the parade that year in the Village Voice:

"This was a huge and good and happy gathering of all of us, grown-ups and children, men and women, straights and gays, blacks and whites, all the dualities out there, holding off the darkness and the ghosts, and saying Goodbye, Sun, see you next year."
〔Joel Oppenheimer, "Mix and Mask," The Village Voice, November 14, 1977, p. 8〕

With the size of the parade having reached over 250,000, in 1985 the route was moved out of the narrow streets of the West Village and onto 6th Avenue.〔Michael Shari, "Ghosts, Ghouls Take Over the Streets," The Villager, November 15, 1984, p. 1〕 After the 1985 parade, Ralph Lee stepped down from his position as director, stating, "The parade has always been a celebration of the individual imagination in all its infinite variety. It continues to provide a framework for this expression and invites the participation of everyone."〔Ralph Lee, "Ralph Lee Bids Adieu to Halloween Parade," The Villager, October 9, 1986, p. 5〕 Subsequently Jeanne Fleming, who had been working on the parade for three years, took over as director. Fleming continues to manage the parade today.

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